Benefit of Technology Transfer to Developing Countries

Benefit of Technology Transfer to Developing Countries WHY IS THE TECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTION OF MULTINATIONALS POTENTIALLY SO IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES? WHAT FACTORS WILL DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT THE TRANSFERED TECHNOLOGY ACTUALLY PROVIDES NET BENEFITS FOR THE HOST DEVELOPING COUNTRY? Todays world is divided no longer by ideology but by technology 15% of the earths population, provides nearly all of the worlds technology innovationshalf of the worlds population, is able to adopt these technologies in production and consumption. The remaining part, covering around a third of the worlds population, is technologically disconnected, neither innovating at home nor adopting foreign technologies. Sachs (2000) According to the new Growth theory of the 1990s, Innovation is the prime source of technological advancementwhich in turn drives economic growth. One of the prime motives of host developing countries for widely accepting and encouraging various channels of FDI is to absorb the technological spillover from the foreign country firms. The Hard Technologies (industrial processes, equipment and plant) or Soft Technologies (technical know-how, management ideas, marketing skills etc) (Dunning and Lundan 2008) contributed by Multi-national Enterprises (MNEs) are considered the main source of economic development and growth. When a multinational firm vertically integrates with the developing country firms, host firms they are forced to abide by the MNEs strict guidance and standards to ensure quality goods or services in the form of raw materials or upstream services. The foreign firms would guide and assist, both managerially and technically which would lead to improvement both in quality and quantity of service by the local affiliates. Also domestic rival firms enhance their offerings to keep in pace with the foreign affiliated firms in the market thus enhancing the host country firms productivity. The biggest US based retailer, Wal-Marts entry and rapid expansion in China has helped the logistics industry in Chinese market to climb higher level Zhu (2010). For developing countries to carve their niche in the global economy, they need to be technologically advanced. There is a possibility of importing new technology from foreign developed market, but this will cause a setback as the procedure would be expensive. Also countries will find themselves alienated from the advancement of technologies if they cant develop export markets Sachs (2008). This can be minimised to a considerable extent by MNEs trickle down effect wherein transfer of technological skills from developed countries to developing countries occurs through FDI. The transfer of Panasonics microwave manufacturing base from United States to China has led to the presence of 2800 Chinese enterprises to provide components for it, which has not only contributed new technology, but also advanced operations management techniques to Chinese market (Sinani and Meyer 2004). The risk factor due to uncertainty of new technologys results and heavy investment thwarts the developing countries from introducing any new technology from scratch. The argument in support of MNEs is that technology  is the quintessential component of economic development and demands a lot of investment in research and development (RD). Developing countries, however, lack both in skills and funds essential for RD, which has led to the deficient level of RD in  developing  economies. The host countries innovation can be stimulated because of the presence of MNEs, which would command resources necessary for RD. Hence host firms can save on cost by using the technologies which are already implemented and used by MNEs using Demonstration (by MNEs) and Imitation (by host firms) (Das 1987; Wang Blomstrom 1992, cited in Crespo and Fontoura 2007). However the patent regulation and challenge of absorbing the technological skills in the short term collaborative contracts makes the process very challenging for the firms in the emerging markets. The human resources mobility from MNEs to local firms also act as a channel of technology transfer and extension since the systematic training provided to these high-skilled employees is dissipated to domestic firms in the form of innovative managerial ability thus enhancing the domestic enterprises which would otherwise be impossible (Crespo and Fontoura 2007). Table 1: Summary of Spillover Channels of FDI (Blomstorm and Kokko (1998); Gorg and Greenaway (2001); Gorg and Strobl (2002)) The technology transfer usually occurs in a market which is imperfectly competitive and possesses no particular market structure. Since different developing countries would have different market structure, it becomes very complicated to have a generalized theory and model to find the determinant factors of technological spillover benefits to local firms (Mondal and Pant 2010). The results of empirical study by various researchers act as an alternative to analyse the net benefits of technology spillover for the host developing countries. The firms Total Factor Productivity (Factors like the level of RD, foreign presence, the firm size) can be used as a proxy to gauge technology transfer (Haddad and Harrison 1992, cited in Crespo and Fontoura 2007).According to Seck (2011) A 10% increase in a developing countrys foreign RD capital stock leads to more than a 2% percent increase in its total factor productivity. The economic development level (measured by per capita GDP) impacts strongly on RD activity (Cheung and Lin 2003). The growth in host countrys RD activities reduces the technological gap and increases the absorptive capacity of the host firm thereby benefitting the host developing country. According to Schmid (2010), A one percent increase in the Research and development (RD) expenditure is associated with a five percent increase in the likelihood of a technology transfer. He also states that the technology transfer is positively correlated to the trade flows and RD expenditure of a developing country. RD resulting in new processes and products either amplifies firms revenues or saves firms costs and is considered as the vital proxy for endogenous growth and technological advancement, Zhu (2010). In 2004, 23.7 % of industrial RD within China was performed by affiliates as compared to 21.7% in 2004 (UNCTAD 2005, cited in Dunning and Lundan 2008, p.359) which exemplifies increasing trend and possibly positive effect on host developing countries. Here the main challenge lies in finding the exact proportion of beneficial RD activities. If the relative costs of technology adoption are large to the economic value of the underlying technology (to the host country firms), there will be little adoption relatively and FDI spillover realized will also be relatively limited (Blomstrà ¶m. et.al 1999). Thus cost of technology adoption plays a major role for the technology transfer to be beneficial to the host country firms. The factors contributing to the distribution of technological capacity (which includes Higher educational institutions, Scientists and Engineers, RD laboratories and other physical and human assets) which are aided by foreign affiliates reflects the net beneficial effect on host countries due to export or FDI (Dunning and Lundan 2008). Alongside the direct effects of technological capacity of host countries, the indirect consequences can be measured through knowledge, technology and RD spillovers to host economys local firms which can be measured in terms of the raise in productivity of local firms as a result of the MNEs presence or entry into host economy. However realising the exact proportion of productivity increase solely due to MNEs contribution is a big challenge for many other factors would have aided the process. A study by Xu (2000), cited in Dunning and Lundan (2008), suggests that the spending on royalties and licence fees approximately indicates the impact of productivity enhancement caused due to technology transfer of FDI in the host countries. The absorptive capacity of the developing countries varies and accordingly the positive or negative effects based on it. The study by Feinberg and Majumdar (2001), cited in Dunning and Lundan (2008) reveals that the pharmaceutical affiliates in India experienced no spillover to local firms through locally conducted RD whereas the foreign affiliates had benefited. On the contrary, a study conducted by (Mondal and Pant 2010) shows the presence of foreign affiliates and high absorptive capacity for developing countries to impact positively on technology spillover which is elevated by a highly competitive environment. The policies of host governments towards FDI such as technology policy and Intellectual Property Protection are also plausible determinants which impacts the magnitude of the efficiency spillovers captured by host country firms. For example government policies which would encourage the RD performance like effective IP protection would alleviate the chances of FDI and intensify the technological capability of local firms which in turn would aid to exploit appropriate foreign technology (Blomstrà ¶m et al. 1999). On the other hand patents filed by developed countries would result in limited transfer of technological capabilities due to the protection of technology from imitation for 20 years. China became the largest recipient of FDI among the developing countries during 1990s due to the market for technology policy and enforcement of patent law in line with TRIPs (Trade-Related Intellectual Properties) (Cheung and Lin, 2003). Due to contradicting research data and the dependence of technology transfer benefits on the kind of industry and the level of alliance between foreign and emerging market country firms, it becomes very complicated to generalise the factors contributing to the net benefits of the developing countries. CONCLUSION According to (Dunning and Lundan 2008) The ability to create, acquire, learn, use and effectively deploy technological capacity is one of the key ingredients of economic success in virtually all societies. The exact realisation of net benefit of technology transfer to developing countries is measured using TFP as a proxy and can be enhanced by strengthening their local economy and capabilities to attract FDI inflow with the aid of strict and stringent government regulations.

Technoscience and Artificial Life :: Technology

Technoscience and Artificial Life ABSTRACT: This paper uses the theory of technoscience to shed light on the current criticisms against the emerging science of Artificial Life. We see that the science of Artificial Life is criticized for the synthetic nature of its research and its over reliance on computer simulations which is seen to be contrary to the traditional goals and methods of science. However, if we break down the traditional distinctions between science and technology using the theory of technoscience, then we can begin to see that all science has a synthetic nature and reliance on technology. Artificial Life researchers are not heretical practitioners of some pseudoscience; they are just more open about their reliance on technology to help realize their theories and modeling. Understanding that science and technology are not as disparate as was once thought is an essential step in helping us create a more humane technoscience in the future. Introduction As soon as the new sciences of Complexity, Chaos Theory, and Artificial Life (hereafter referred to as AL), began to be noticed by the popular science press a kind of "honeymoon" period began. During this time these sciences were seen as the sexy new breakthrough theories that would eventually lead to our ability to solve all the problems of the world, from the cure for AIDS to the complete understanding and synthesis of living systems. (1) Recently a number of attacks have been leveled against the studies of Complexity and Chaos Theory in general and on the study of AL directly. The most damning of these attacks on AL has been launched by John Horgan in his article "From Complexity to Perplexity," printed in Scientific American (Horgan 6/95) and in his book The End of Science. In his article Horgan fiercely criticized the study of AL with the implication that the entire study is some kind of sham. Horgan states that: Artificial Life — and the entire field of complexity — seems to be based on a seductive syllogism: There are simple sets of mathematical rules that when followed by a computer give rise to extremely complicated patterns. The world also contains many extremely complicated patterns. Conclusion: Simple rules underlie many extremely complicated phenomena in the world. With the help of powerful computers, scientists can root those rules out (Horgan 6/96, Pg. 107). Horgan goes on to argue that this position held by AL researchers is untenable and that the kind of science practiced in AL is no where near the kind of science that is normally practiced in biology.

Faith Statement

Faith Statement My faith has grown immensely over the years. Throughout my faith journey everyone at the church and in my family has influenced my life in faith. To me when you are baptized it means your parents are making you a child of God but when you get confirmed you are accepting your baptism and becoming a member of the church. Jesus is a big part of mine and everyone’s life because he died on the cross to save our sins.We pretty much all take advantage of Jesus’s love. Everyone makes mistakes, some foolish, but still Jesus will always forgive us and love us. Also, even though I know I will be forgiven, church has taught me that we should all try to do our best at doing what God wants us to do and the right thing. Since I’m a Christian, whenever I am about to do something that I think God wouldn’t want me to I think it over and try to make the best choice.I think that Holy Communion affects my life by making me feel clean and saved. Prayer is very v ital to me. Going to church has taught me that if I pray to God for help in something most of the time he delivers but when he doesn’t it’s not because he isn’t listening but simply because it’s not meant to be. Throughout the years, I have learned to help God and serve around the community. After I get confirmed I will still attend church and do service projects to help others.

Juvenile Boot Camps Do Not Reduce Juvenile Delinquency Essay

Introduction Juvenile delinquency is a relatively new phenomenon. For this reason, society’s reactions and solutions to the problem of delinquency are also modern developments. The United States developed the first youth court in 1899 and is now home to many new and formerly untested methods of juvenile rehabilitation and correction. One of many unique programs within the Juvenile Justice system, boot camps are institutions designed to keep delinquent juveniles out of traditional incarceration facilities and still provide a structured method of punishment and rehabilitation. Boot camps developed in the early 1990s and quickly proliferated throughout the nation. Specifically, they are â€Å"†¦short-term residential programs modeled after†¦show more content†¦. .. Third, States are to separate juvenile offenders from incarcerated adults . . .. Fourth, States are to address efforts to reduce the [disproportionate number of minorities] detained or confined in secure detention facilities . . .. (Ravenell, 2002) The act’s framers were concerned with the framework of the juvenile justice system. Believing that they could restrain juvenile delinquency through prevention rather than punishment, they increased the quality of the juvenile justice system. Policy specified that, â€Å"kids should be treated as kids† (Ravenell, 2002). However, rising crime rates throughout the late 1970s and 1980s lead to disillusionment with the system. The public became concerned that juvenile justice policy was too lenient. Practitioners scrambled to enact harsher penalties in an effort to slow the rising juvenile crime rates. The new policies restricted lenient punishment such as probation and lead to an increase in incarceration rates (Meade Steiner, 2010). Unfortunately, juvenile delinquency continued to increase, spiking in the late 1980s and early 1990s. While news headlines touted the juvenile delinquency epidemic, the public became fascinated with the rise of the â€Å"juvenile super-pre dator.† In 1992, frustrated lawmakers, who were determined to end the rise in juvenile delinquency, amended the JJDPA to include USC  §5667f. This subsection provided funding for state-operatedShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency And Juvenile Criminal Justice System1475 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Juvenile delinquency is an ever growing issue in the United States, according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, â€Å"In 2012, there were 3,941 arrests for every 100,000 youths ages 10 through 17 in the United States† (OJJDP, 2014). The way juveniles are treated in the criminal justice system is very different than the way adults are. In 1899, in Cook County, Illinois, the first juvenile justice system in the country was founded. This established an alternativeRead MoreJuvenile Boot Camps1281 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Boot Camps In this project I am going to talk about the problem that different states have in juvenile offenders and how they deal with them in regards to juvenile boot camps, also I am going to explain what is known about juvenile boot camps in the United States, the degree of success of these efforts, and a general summary of boot camps. With that in mind I am going to answer 4 different questions in order to gain a better understanding of this program. The questions I will answerRead MoreBoot Camps Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesBoot Camps The history and explanation of how these institutions are operated The increase in violent behavior amongst Americas youth has prompted the implementation of more effective rehabilitation methods. With the percentage of non-violent offenders on the rise, prison incarceration or juvenile detention doesnt seem to be the right solution for rehabilitation. In December 1983 a new idea emerged in Giorgia. This new idea was shock incarceration or boot camp. These temporaryRead MoreThe Juvenile Community Corrections Population Is Experienced A Tremendous Growth Over The Past Two Decades1771 Words   |  8 PagesThe juvenile community corrections population has experienced a tremendous growth over the past two decades. In cities like Miami FL, in places like Liberty city â€Å"pork and Beans† the volume of adjudicated youths ordered to formal probation increased by 67% (Puzzanchera, Adams, Sickmund, 2011). Juvenile crime has been rising, according to Miami, Florida police, they state that young people are becoming the targets more than before. This growth has had serious inferences for juvenile probation officersRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency and the Criminal Justice System1423 Words   |  6 PagesWithin the criminal justice system, juvenile delinquency is an issue that I find the most overlooked and it is a problem that is gr owing, particularly in the poorer areas. The term juvenile delinquency refers to the antisocial or criminal activity under the age of 18 which violates the law. Everyone is affected by juvenile crime, parents, teachers, families and neighbors. It is essential that programs are implemented to help with juvenile delinquents. Although delinquency rates have decreased dramaticallyRead MoreEssay on Boot Camp1400 Words   |  6 PagesBoot Camp With the ever rising prison population in this country, something has to be done rehabilitate criminals rather than just lock them up. Many feel that the â€Å"new† prisons, boot camps are the answer (Champion 1990). I will give a brief overview of boot camp institutions, specifically, about the operation and structure of these, the cost involved with both juvenile and adult facilities, and how effective they really are with regard to recidivism. Boot camps or shock incarceration programsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Theories2088 Words   |  9 PagesJuvenile Delinquency Theories Through an understanding of causes of juvenile delinquency society may come to deal preventively with delinquency; certainly treatment of the offender needs to be based upon an understanding of the causal mechanisms that have produced him. In this paper well describe three theories of juvenile delinquency such as Social Learning Theory, General Strain Theory and Behavioral Theory and discuss appropriate preventive programs based upon these theories. In 1977 AlbertRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Boot Camps3738 Words   |  15 Pagesthis research proposal is rehabilitation for minors. I mainly want to focus on minors 16 years of age or younger. The question I wish to answer more specifically is, does boot camp benefit or harm a troubled minor? I also wish to learn the short and long term affects of these camps, do they just create a short term solution, or do they in fact shape minors into law abiding citizens that can contribute to society? I plan on answering these questions using past and present research from experts in thisRead MoreJunenile Justice System Should Focus on Rehabilitation Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Justice System Should Focus on Rehabilitation University of Phoenix Juvenile Justice System Should Focus on Rehabilitation Rehabilitation over Punishment, why one is better or more effective than the other, in order to answer this questions one must understand what each means. Punishment is a consequence of doing something that is unacceptable, it is meant to be unpleasant, the problem with punishment is it does nothing to address the social or mental processes that maybe contributingRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay examples1216 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Delinquency I. The harsh beginnings. Children were viewed as non-persons until the 1700s. They did not receive special treatment or recognition. Discipline then is what we now call abuse. There were some major assumptions about life before the 1700s. The first assumption is that life was hard, and you had to be hard to survive. The people of that time in history did not have the conveniences that we take for granted. For example, the medical practices of that day were primitive in

Use Of Verbal And Non Verbal Elements - 1490 Words

Nicolette Jimenez Dr. Soud English 110 13 November 2014 Read Between the Lines It is very typical among people to forget about the many aspects involved in communication as a whole. Communication is in part the verbal content, but also in part the nonverbal content. It is the nonverbal content, however, that holds the importance of the message and the underlying meaning being translated. But as it is now the 21st century, we have blindly become part of a social media oriented culture. A culture in which we have the unlimited access to any and all social medias at our fingertips. A culture where we have become more connected to our virtually created lives rather than reality itself. We have become accustomed to communicating in a†¦show more content†¦They are believed to be continuous: if you were to stop speaking verbally, the transaction of non-verbals would carry out the conversation themselves. It is often these things that will reveal and give away a person’s true feelings, no matter what they are actually saying ; who we are, how we relate to people, and how we feel emotionally. Without the accompaniment of nonverbals, verbal communication alone would be ineffective as they add to or change the meaning of the verbal message. The main goals and functions of nonverbal messages are to convey meaning, modify verbal messages, and to regulate the flow of interaction. Within these goals, there are seven channels for conveying those messages; proxemics, vocalics, kinesics, gaze, facial expression, haptics and chronemics (time). These channels are often used simultaneously in the transmission of the message. Proxemics; the study of interpersonal space and distance, identifies how the use of space can reflect and create power. Different levels of proxemics represent different levels of relationships. Vocalics; not the spoken words themselves but the voice tones and volume may indicate relational information or emotion of the speaker. For instance, when people are trying to make an important po int, they might change their tone and pitch of voice to sound more confident and powerful, influencing how the audience perceives them. Kinesics; the body movements and language that

The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost - 1224 Words

In Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† he said, â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood and I—I took the one less traveled by, and it has made all the difference.† Every day, each individual has the power to make choices. He can choose the popular path or â€Å"the one less traveled by.† The most common and relatable choice a person has is what he chooses to eat. Many, if not most, Americans follow the favored â€Å"road† of genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, when they consume food (Frost). But an individual must stop to think about what GMOs are and whether they are harmful in any way, despite being popular. The Journal of International Affairs interviewed Mark Lynas, an environmental writer and biologist, because of how controversial GMOs are, even amongst experts. Lynas does not believe that GMOs are harmful and wholeheartedly supports their consumption; however, contrary to Lynas’ beliefs, genetically modified organisms have caused an increase in agrichemicals and are potentially dangerous for human consumption. First, there is much evidence to support that GMOs are harmful to the environment because they cause an increase of agrichemicals farmers spray on their crops. In regards to the effect of GMOs on the environment, Lynas said â€Å"†¦it turns out that there have actually been dramatic reductions in the use of agrichemicals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, this statement was naà ¯ve and ignorant, especially with the amount of information that supports the opposite. Charles Benbrook, a professor and anShow MoreRelatedThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost983 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken was written by Robert Frost, a four-time Pulitzer Prize winner in poetry, and also a special guest at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration (Robert Frost Biography). Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California and he died of complications from prostate surgery on January 29, 1963. Much of Robert’s popularity was gained throughout Europe (An Analysis of Robert Frost’s Poem: The Road Not Taken). Frost became a poetic force, and the unofficial poetRead MoreThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost764 Words   |  3 PagesWritten by Robert Frost, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† deals with about making choices in life and how those choices affect your whole life. The meter of this poem is iambic tetrameter, for the most part. In most lines, the meter follows the rule with four iambs, which means that there is one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. But the meter is not normal since, in some lines, an anapest, which means there are two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable, is substituted forRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1173 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost, one of America’s well-known poets is highly regarded for his realistic illustrations of rural life and poetry which is still relevant in today’s society. After being honoured on numerous occasions, he became one of America’s most popular public figures. Frosts’ poems reflect his greatness and his life in a variety of ways after he was confronted with such despair and grief after the passing of his father due to tuberculosis at just eleven years of age and his mother who passed awayRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost995 Words   |  4 Pagesthey can only move forward hoping for the best. â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, Robert Frost, 1916. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† a traveler is strolling through the woods and comes across two different roads he could take, and unable to travel both the poet eventually chooses which path to take. The theme conveyed is about making choices. Frost does this through the use of diction, the use of figure of speech, and the use of imagery. To start with, Frost displays the main idea of decision making by the wordsRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1055 Words   |  5 Pagesago. Either way, if you admit it now or in the wee hours of the night, like most people, you will come across this question at least once in your life. Robert Frost was able to grasp this raw, vulnerable life changing moment in the palm of his hand. Then he beautifully laid it out in the form of words in the narrative poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken†. Frost is able to take you back to a time when you have been faced with a life-changing decision. Then, causing you to ask yourself â€Å"Did I make the right choiceRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost940 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Road Not Taken† was written by Robert Frost in 1916, and it was the first poem in the collection Mountain Interval (Shmoop). Even though it was written many years ago, people of all ages still study this enticing poem. Frost wrote about coming to a fork in the woods and examining which path he should take and whether he might ever come back; the speaker believes each path is fine to take, but he takes the less used path (line 6). He wrote about this decision in clear, standard English. â€Å"TheRead MoreThe Road Not Taken, By Robert Frost968 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Response 3 Title: The Road Not Taken Text Type: Poem Author: Robert Frost The poem, ‘The Road Not Taken’ by Robert Frost is about the â€Å"roads† and different paths we take in our lives. Frost wrote about a traveler who had to chose between two roads. He had to decide if he wanted to go down the well used or less used path. In the end, he went down the less used path. The theme of decision making and choices is shown in this poem. I think that this is a way of describing the choices we makeRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost863 Words   |  4 PagesThe Poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, by Robert Frost is a detailed poem about a conflict in a person’s life, dealing with having to take the right path throughout life. The Narrator of this poem is faced with a predicament when he comes across two paths. The choices that he makes in his life, can alter the future for better or worse. This poem describes his attitude and emotion towards his choices as well as, shows examples of themes, mood, and different literary devi ces. The title of this poem canRead MoreRoad Not Taken, Robert Frost942 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 101 Burstrem October 7, 2009 The Road Not Taken Life is full of choices and decisions that could ultimately change the outcome of our lives. In the poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, a traveler is destined to make that decision. This traveler man has to decide which road to take, one that is frequently traveled, and the one that is not. After contemplating which road to follow, he comes to the decision to take the road less traveled because he doesn’t want to follow inRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1100 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost reflects that poetry â€Å"begins in delight and ends in wisdom†¦.It runs a course of lucky events , and ends in a clarification of life—not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are found on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (931). His poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a clarification of life. This paper will analyze and evaluate the formal elements of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and consid er how these elements work together to fit the author’s purpose and clarification

Boeing 787 Dreamliner Project-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically Evaluate the Boeing 787 Dreamliner Project. Answer: Introduction Boeing commercial Airplanes with an aim of delivering the companys most fuel efficient airliner, undertook a project to develop Boeing 787 dreamliner jet airliner using composite materials for construction work. The most striking features of this airliner are the four-panel windshield, noise reducing chevrons and a smooth nose contour. These features helped the 787 dreamliner become worlds fastest selling wide body airliner with a huge number of orders (Wagner and Norris 2009). However, the project suffered many hurdles due to improper execution and inefficient implementation. The project problems and the project management problems of Boeing 787 dreamliner jet are elaborated in the following paragraphs. The project Problems The major problem identified in the said project are listed below- Boeing aimed at trimming excess weight of the airliner; however, the first aircraft was overweight by 5000lb or 2300kg. This is mainly due to the inefficiency in developing a proper structure of the airliner. This resulted in the considerable delay. The project suffered multiple delays because of the procurement, sub assembly and major technical problems that were identified in the later stages of development (Denning 2013). Another major delay resulted when the completed airliner could not pass the testing phase. An in flight fire on the Rolls Royce engine of the aircraft was identified during the testing phase, which added to the considerable delay in the product launching. The project suffered the problems of over budget due to the poor performance in following the project objectives. The organizations suffered billions of penalty fees to the airlines. Further problems were identified in November 2011 when the 787 dreamliner experienced problem in its landing gear. The pilot had to deploy the gear manually for ensuring a safe landing when the automated system did not engage. This was because of the improper testing procedures and lack of thorough testing that reflects an inefficient project management problem. After the release of the developed aircraft, it started suffering from problems in the electrical system within one year. The major problem was with the lithium ion batteries. The maintenance crew discovered smoke coming out from the main battery 2 hours prior to the take off. The fault was identified in the power pack and its charger. The company without trying to find the root cause behind the problem quickly came out with a solution. In order to deal with this problem, the company encased the battery within a heavy steel box and included an exhaustion pipe for the smoke (Williard, Hendricks and Pecht 2013). This revised design was however approved by FAA and the dreamliner was again back by the end of April in the year 2014. This problem was mainly encountered because the less critical evaluation of certain conditions involved with the project. The project needed a thorough research before its execution (Nolan 2012). Furthermore, the project suffered a new problem in June 2014, which was mainly the result of the change in manufacturing process. The manufacturing of the airliner did not include shims in the connection of wind rib and wing panes. This resulted in creating hairline cracks in the wings, which could enlarge and cause further damage in the wings. The aircraft suffered certain software glitches as well that needs to be upgraded to address the problem. All this problems depicts a clear case of inefficient project management with an improper planning, developing and testing phases. The project if managed better could have saved the company from considerable over budget and time loss. Critical Evaluation on managing the Boeing 787 Dreamliner project The 787-dreamliner project could have been managed more successfully if proper project management methods were considered. The major characteristics of a project are to have a well defined objective and proper planning of project elements such as time cost and performance requirements. A project life cycle generally deals with four broad phases, initiation, planning, execution and closure (Kerzner 2013). Had the organization properly executed all these stages, it could have saved itself from the incurred losses. The project could have been executed and managed more successfully with the implementation of certain condition that are listed below- The project under discussion had no clear strategy. Every project has to be clearly linked with a proper strategy for its successful implementation. Strategic management is also necessary for allocating the scarce resources that improves the competitive position of the firm. The organization clearly lacked strong links among the mission, goals and objectives for a proper strategic implementation of the project. Furthermore, the strategic management process ensures the identification of strategic gaps in the project, which was clearly missing in the said project. Had these criteria considered, the project could have been managed better (Larson and Gray 2013). Another problem that was identified with the planning phase of the project was that it did not have any long-range goals and objectives. This resulted in the identification of the problems at the later stages of the development, which further lead to the design change of the whole system (Burke 2013). This project could have been managed better if there was a concrete plan for proper execution of the project and a clear objective. The company aimed trimming the excess weight of the aircraft but ended up in developing a heavier airliner. This could have been avoided by setting up a clear plan and objective for the project. The project could have been managed better by developing a project priority system prior to the execution of the project. This prevents the possibility of implementation gap and resource conflicts in a project. Moreover, a portfolio management was necessary for estimating the NVP of the project and the cost benefit analysis. This could have saved the company from over budget. Project portfolio balances the risks involved in the project and helps in prioritizing the project proposal according to the criteria of the project. This could have further helped in efficient project management. Risk management is very necessary to be considered in any project. The company did not have any proper risk management plan that result the company in incurring huge losses. Risk management deals with identifying, analyzing and eliminating the risk associated with a project (McNeil, Frey and Embrechts 2015). The company did not estimate or consider the technical or the software glitches that the aircraft might experience. Thorough testing was necessary to identify the glitches in the system and in order to deal with the identified problems, a proper risk management plan was essential. This could have helped the company in managing the project in a better way. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be summarized that the project 787 Dreamliner suffered multiple laybacks in its project execution due to an inefficient and improper project management strategy. The project design was improper and execution lacked proper planning. This resulted in sufficient loss of the company and successive delays in delivering the completed project. Different problems related to the project management were identified. 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